Effect of sewage sludge–coir pith pellets on dry matter yield and trace metal concentration in various plant parts of forage maize

Sewage sludge (SS), a highly heterogeneous semisolid fraction of sewage water (about 1% of the sewage water), contains various amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) with extremely variable physical and chemical compositions. Application of SS improves soil properties, increases yield and simultaneously increases trace metal content in soil and plants. The difficulty in handling, transporting and applying SS and its adverse effect, especially trace metal content in soil and plant, can be overcome by SS–coir pith pelletization (SSCP) or mixing with sewage sledge–coir pith mixture (SSCM). A study was undertaken to evaluate the prepared SSCM and SSCP (1:1 ratio of SS and coir pith) along with SS on dry matter yield, trace metal content in soil and plant parts. The results showed that increased rates of application of SS or SSCM or SSCP increased the green and dry fodder yield of forage maize. Application of SS as either SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 and 2.4 g pot^?1 significantly reduced the trace metal content diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA extractable) in soil and plant parts (leaves steam and root) compared to SS application. Therefore, in order to reduce the bioavailability of trace metal in soil and its uptake by plant, application of SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 or 2.4 g pot^?1 proved to be a better option than SS application.     

Status and distribution of soil sulphur fractions,total nitrogen and organic carbon in camp and non-camp soils of grazed pastures supplied with long-term superphosphate

Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four different soil types were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) areas of grazed pastures in New Zealand, which had been fertilised annually with superphosphate for more than 15 years, in order to assess the effects of grazing animals on the status and distribution of soil S fractions and organic matter. These soils were analysed for organic C, total N, total S, C-bonded S, hydriodic acid-reducible S, 0.01 M CaCl₂, and 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable S fractions, and soil pH. Soil inorganic and organic S fractions extracted by NaHCO₃ and NaOH extractants were also determined. The results obtained showed that camp soils contain higher soil pH, organic C, total N, total S, organic (C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S) and inorganic S fractions, NaHCO₃-and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions but a lower anion retention capacity than non-camp soils, attributed to a higher return of plant litter and animal excreta to camp soils. In both soils, total S, organic S, C-bonded S, and hydriodic acid-reducible S were significantly correlated with organic C (r0.90***, ***P0.001) and total N (r0.95***), suggesting that C, N, and S are integral components of soil organic matter. However, C: N : S ratios tended to be lower in camp (60: 5.6: 1–103: 7.2: 1) than in non-camp soils (60:6.1:1–117:8.3:1). Most (>95%) of the total soil S in camp and non-camp soils is present as organic S, while the remainder is readily soluble and adsorbed S (i.e. Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable S). C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S constituted 55%–74% and 26%–45% of total S, respectively, reflecting a regular return of plant litter and animal excreta to the grazed pastures. NaHCO₃, and especially NaOH, extracted significantly higher amounts of total soil S (13%–22% and 49%–75%, respectively) than Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ or CaCl₂ (<5%). In addition, NaHCO₃ and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions were significantly rorrelated with soil organic S (r0.94***), C-bonded S (r0.90***) and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S (r0.93***). Differences between soils in either camp or non-camp areas were related to their sulphate retention capacities, as soils with high sulphate retention capacities (>45%) contain higher levels of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible S fractions than those of low sulphate retention soils (<10%). Long-term annual superphosphate applications significantly increased the accumulation of soil organic and inorganic S fractions, and organic C and total N in the topsoil, although this accumulation did not occur when the superphosphate application rates were increased from 188 to 376 kg ha^-1 year^-1.     

Quantifying soil organic carbon fractions by infrared-spectroscopy

Methods to quantify organic carbon (OC) in soil fractions of different stabilities often involve time-consuming physical and chemical treatments. The aim of the present study was to test a more rapid alternative, which is based on the spectroscopic analysis of bulk soils in the mid-infrared region (4000-400 cm⁻¹), combined with partial least-squares regression (PLS). One hundred eleven soil samples from arable and grassland sites across Switzerland were separated into fractions of dissolved OC, particulate organic matter (POM), sand and stable aggregates, silt and clay particles, and oxidation resistant OC. Measured contents of OC in each fraction were then correlated by PLS with infrared spectra to obtain prediction models. For every prediction model, 100 soil spectra were used in the PLS calibration and the residual 11 spectra for validation of the models. Correlation coefficients (r) between measured and PLS-predicted values ranged between 0.89 and 0.97 for OC in different fractions. By combining different fractions to one labile, one stabilized and one resistant fraction, predictions could even be improved (r=0.98, standard error of prediction=16%). Based on these statistical parameters, we conclude that mid-infrared spectroscopy in combination with PLS is an appropriate and very fast tool to quantify OC contents in different soil fractions.     

Sulphur mineralization and release of soluble organic sulphur from camp and non-camp soils of grazed pastures receiving long-term superphosphate applications

Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four soil types with different sulphate retention capacities were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) sites of grazed pastures in New Zealand which had been annually fertilized with superphosphate for more than 15 years. These soils were analysed for different S fractions and incubated at 30°C for 10 weeks using an open incubation technique in order to assess the extent of S mineralization and the release of soluble soil organic S from camp and non-camp soils during incubation. The soils were preleached with 0.01 M KCl, followed by 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ before being incubated. Pre-incubation leachates and weekly 0.01 M KCl leachates were analysed for mineralized S (i.e., hydriodic acid-reducible S) and total S. Soluble organic S was estimated as the difference between these two S fractions. Results obtained show higher cumulative amounts of all three S fractions in leachates over a 10-week incubation period in camp than in non-camp soils, suggesting that higher mineralization occurred in camp soils. Cumulative amounts of mineralized S from camp and non-camp soils showed a linear relationship with duration of incubation (R ²0.985^***), while the cumulative release of soluble organic S followed a quadratic relationship (R ²0.975^***). A significant proportion (14.6%–40.8%) of total S release in KCl leachates was soluble organic S, indcating that organic S should be taken into account when assessing S mineralization. Mineralized S and soluble organic S were best correlated with 0.01 M CaCl₂-extractable soil inorganic S (R ²=0.767^***) and 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable soil inorganic S(R ²=0.823^***), respectively. Soil sulphate retention capacity was found to influence amounts of mineralized S and soluble organic S, and thus periodic leaching with KCl to remove mineralized S from soils may not adequately reflect the extent of soil S mineralization in high sulphate-retentive soils. In low (<10%) sulphateretentive soils, increasing the superphosphate applications from 188 to 376 kg ha^–1 year^–1 increased S mineralization but not amounts of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S fractions.     

豫北蔬菜保护地土壤磷素形态及其空间分布特性研究

采用蒋柏藩、顾益初无机P分级方法研究了豫北褐土多年棚龄蔬菜保护地土壤P素形态及其空间分布特性。结果表明,蔬菜保护地0 ~ 20cm土层全P、无机P、有机P、Olsen-P的含量分别为:1385.6 ~ 2896.5、1097.1 ~ 2365.7、270.0 ~ 606.9、109.8 ~ 302.4 mg/kg,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P分别占无机P的百分比平均为:12.5 %、37.2 %、10.8 %、5.8 %、13.3 %、20.5 %,Olsen-P占全P的百分比高达4 % ~ 15 %,平均为10.6 %;土壤各形态P素主要积累在0 ~ 20 cm土层,随着深度的增加土壤全P、有机P、Olsen-P、各形态无机P均减少。     

白云石粉对皖南酸性红黄壤磷组分及磷有效性的影响

在施用P肥的基础上配合使用白云石粉,用酸性土壤无机P分级方法测定皖南红黄壤各形态P的含量。结果表明:使用P肥能明显提高土壤全P、无机P和土壤速效P含量;土壤速效P与无机P各组分的相关性以Al-P最好,Fe-P、O-P次之,Ca-P最差。施用白云石粉,当季土壤Ca-P含量及其在无机P中所占的比例明显提高,Al-P的形成受到抑制,但随着时间的推移,却更有利于有效性较高的Al-P含量的增加。     

赤泥颗粒和赤泥对污染土壤镉形态分布及水稻吸收的效应

赤泥能促进土壤中镉形态转化(离子交换态向残渣态转化),但赤泥碱性很强,对土壤的功能有一定的破坏,为此采用盆栽试验研究了赤泥粉和改性赤泥颗粒对酸性潮泥田土壤镉形态分布及水稻生长的影响.结果表明,同比例(5％ W/W)赤泥颗粒的pH值较赤泥粉下降2.4个单位,但随着时间的推移,改性后赤泥颗粒中OH-有缓释的趋势;同比例(5％ W/W)赤泥颗粒对镉污染土壤的形态分布影响在修复前期比赤泥粉小,在修复后期与赤泥粉基本相同甚至稍大,但两者对水稻生长影响不同:添加赤泥颗粒导致水稻增产18.3％,添加赤泥粉导致水稻减产33.3％;赤泥粉和赤泥颗粒均能抑制水稻对土壤中镉的吸收,添加量越高,抑制效果越明显;添加合适的赤泥颗粒能促进水稻的生长,反之抑制水稻的生长,通过试验,初步确定水稻生长状况最好的赤泥颗粒添加量为3％( W/W),此时离子交换态最大降幅为32.1％,残渣态最大增幅为13.7％,水稻增产37.35％,糙米镉含量减少43.8％,低于国家食品卫生标准限值(Cd≤0.2 mg·kg-1).     

城市功能对地表灰尘Cd的影响——以贵阳市为例

以贵阳市为例,对地表按城市功能分区采集灰尘样品,从不同功能区灰尘Cd总量和不同粒级灰尘Cd含量及贡献两个角度考察城市功能对地表灰尘Cd的影响。结果表明:贵阳市地表灰尘Cd平均水平为1.28mg/kg。各功能区地表灰尘中Cd含量由高到低的顺序为广场区>学校区>工业区(住宅区)>交通区>商贸区(垃圾站)。城市功能的影响导致地表灰尘Cd的累积呈现3个水平。广场区和学校区累积最重,校园内某些含Cd高的辅助材料可能是导致地表灰尘Cd累积较重的原因之一。不同粒级灰尘Cd水平的分异特征在不同功能区表现各不相同。商贸区、垃圾站地表灰尘Cd主要富集于细粒级(≤105μm)灰尘;广场区、校园区和住宅区地表灰尘Cd明显富集于中等粒级(105～250μm);工业区和交通区地表灰尘Cd含量粒级差别不明显。所有功能区Cd的粒级行为均显示,3个粒级灰尘中,粗粒级对Cd的贡献最小。工业区、商贸区和交通区细粒级贡献最大,住宅区、城市广场区和垃圾站中等粒级对灰尘Cd的贡献最大。除垃圾站中等粒级对Cd的贡献相对偏低外,其他各功能区中等粒级的贡献相差不悬殊。     

黄绵土铅形态与土壤酶活性关系的研究

采用添加外源铅和室内培养的方法,研究了黄绵土盆栽小青菜后土壤中铅的形态分布规律及土壤酶活性对铅污染的响应,并分析了土壤铅形态与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明,未污染黄绵土中铅各形态的比例为：可交换态0.77%,碳酸盐结合态6.27%,铁锰氧化物结合态1.82%,有机结合态13.4%,残渣态77.74%。铅污染后黄绵土中各形态铅的浓度随着外源铅浓度的增加而极显著增加,土壤受到铅污染后,各形态铅的比例发生了显著变化,上列各形态所占比例依次为0.346%、18.464%、0.496%、46.532%、34.168%。铅污染对过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶产生极显著影响（[R过氧化氢酶=0.841 1,P过氧化氢酶〈0.001,n=18;R碱性磷酸酶=-0.986 9,P碱性磷酸酶〈0.001,n=18）],二者可以作为土壤铅污染的评价指标;总铅对过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶的活性变化没有任何贡献,进一步说明不能采用总铅含量作为土壤铅污染的评价指标。在铅的各化学形态中除有机结合态外,过氧化氢酶与其余各形态铅含量均呈极显著正相关;碱性磷酸酶与各形态铅均呈极显著负相关;碳酸盐结合态对过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的直接影响最大,而且铅的其他化学形态通过碳酸盐结合态的间接影响亦最大,表明各形态铅中以碳酸盐结合态对两种酶的影响为主,该两种酶与碳酸盐结合态相结合可作为土壤铅污染评价指标。     

湘西北天然林转换对土壤活性有机碳与酶活性的影响

[目的] 了解土壤活性有机碳(SOC)组分和酶活性对天然林转换的响应,为预测区域土壤健康演变和环境变迁提供科学依据。[方法] 选取本底一致,利用历史清晰的天然常绿阔叶林以及由此转变而来的针叶人工林、果园、坡耕地和水田,应用物理、化学和生物化学分析技术,研究表土活性有机碳组分和酶活性对天然林转换的响应规律与差异。[结果] 天然林改为果园、坡耕地和水田后显著降低土壤有机碳、活性有机碳含量和酶活性,降幅分别为42%～67%,47%～88%和36%～89%。其中,以易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳含量和蔗糖酶活性的敏感性相对高于SOC敏感性,敏感地指示土壤有机碳库及活性的降低,易氧化有机碳更适宜推广应用。天然林改为人工林,土壤活性有机碳、酶活性的敏感性一般低于天然林改为果园、坡耕地,相对有利于土壤中活性有机碳库的保存。活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例由天然林改为人工林后显著降低,敏感地指示土壤碳库质量的下降。[结论] 天然林转换不仅导致土壤活性有机碳数量大幅减少,有机碳库的质量下降,与之相关的酶活性也降低;土壤有机碳的活性和酶活性的降低,指示天然林转换后土壤生物健康/质量的退化。